| the material universe any other principle, either active or passive, of which we can form the most distant idea. |
| I believe many objections might be made to this system But at present I shall confine myself to one, which is in my opinion very decisive. |
| I assert, that instead of explaining the operations of external objects by its means, we utterly annihilate all these objects, and reduce ourselves to the opinions of the most extravagant scepticism concerning them. |
| If colours, sounds, tastes, and smells be merely perceptions, nothing we can conceive is possest of a real, continued, and independent existence; not even motion, extension and solidity, which are the primary qualities chiefly insisted on. |
| To begin with the examination of motion; it is evident this is a quality altogether inconceivable alone, and without a reference to some other object. |
| The idea of motion necessarily supposes that of a body moving. |
| Now what is our idea of the moving body, without which motion is incomprehensible? It must resolve itself into the idea of extension or of solidity; and consequently the reality of motion depends upon that of these other qualities. |
| This opinion, which is universally acknowledged concerning motion, I have proved to be true with regard to extension; and have shewn that it is impossible to conceive extension, but as composed of parts, endowed with colour or solidity. |
| The idea of extension is a compound idea; but as it is not compounded of an infinite number of parts or inferior ideas, it must at last resolve itself into such as are perfectly simple and indivisible. |
| These simple and indivisible parts, not being ideas of extension, must be non entities, unless conceived as coloured or solid. |
| Colour is excluded from any real existence. |
| The reality, therefore, of our idea of extension depends upon the reality of that of solidity, nor can the former be just while the latter is chimerical. |
| Let us, then, lend our attention to the examination of the idea of solidity. |
| The idea of solidity is that of two objects, which being impelled by the utmost force, cannot penetrate each other; but still maintain a separate and distinct existence. |
| Solidity, therefore, is perfectly incomprehensible alone, and without the conception of some bodies, which are solid, and maintain this separate and distinct existence. |
| Now what idea have we of these bodies? The ideas of colours, sounds, and other secondary qualities are excluded. |
| The idea of motion depends on that of extension, and the idea of extension on that of solidity. |
| It is impossible, therefore, that the idea of solidity can depend on either of them. |
| For that would be to run in a circle, and make one idea depend on another, while at the same time the latter depends on the former. |
| Our modern philosophy, therefore, leaves us no just nor satisfactory idea of solidity; nor consequently of matter. |
| This argument will appear entirely conclusive to every one that comprehends it; but because it may seem abstruse and intricate to the generality of readers, I hope to be excused, if I endeavour to render it more obvious by some variation of the expression. |