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Cliquer sur les phrases pour les voir dans leur contexte. Les textes de Immanuel Kant et David Hume sont disponibles auprès du Projet Gutenberg.

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The most probable hypothesis, which has been advanced to explain the distinction betwixt vice and virtue, and the origin of moral rights and obligations, is, that from a primary constitution of nature certain characters and passions, by the very view and contemplation, produce a pain, and others in like manner excite a pleasure.

 If you assert, that vice and virtue consist in relations susceptible of certainty and demonstration, you must confine yourself to those four relations, which alone admit of that degree of evidence; and in that case you run into absurdities, from which you will never be able to extricate yourself. Nothing is more disagreeable than a man's over-weaning conceit of himself: Every one almost has a strong propensity to this vice: No one can well distinguish in himself betwixt the vice and virtue, or be certain, that his esteem of his own merit is well-founded: For these reasons, all direct expressions of this passion are condemned; nor do we make any exception to this rule in favour of men of sense and merit. The uneasiness and satisfaction are not only inseparable from vice and virtue, but constitute their very nature and essence. The very essence of virtue, according to this hypothesis, is to produce pleasure and that of vice to give pain. In saying, then, that the sentiments of vice and virtue are natural in this sense, we make no very extraordinary discovery. Paul Getty's book How To Get Rich, his first rule for success is, You must be in business for yourself. For these reasons the former qualities are esteemed virtues, and the latter regarded as vices. The vice entirely escapes you, as long as you consider the object. Examine it in all lights, and see if you can find that matter of fact, or real existence, which you call vice. The pain and pleasure, therefore, being the primary causes of vice and virtue, must also be the causes of all their effects, and consequently of pride and humility, which are the unavoidable attendants of that distinction.