| But to guide them to this high goal, they require the aid of rational cognition on the basis of pure conceptions, which, be it termed as it may, is properly nothing but metaphysics. |
| For the same reason, metaphysics forms likewise the completion of the culture of human reason. |
| In this respect, it is indispensable, setting aside altogether the influence which it exerts as a science. |
| For its subject-matter is the elements and highest maxims of reason, which form the basis of the possibility of some sciences and of the use of all. |
| That, as a purely speculative science, it is more useful in preventing error than in the extension of knowledge, does not detract from its value; on the contrary, the supreme office of censor which it occupies assures to it the highest authority and importance. |
| This office it administers for the purpose of securing order, harmony, and well-being to science, and of directing its noble and fruitful labours to the highest possible aim--the happiness of all mankind. |
| CHAPTER IV. The History of Pure Reason. |
| This title is placed here merely for the purpose of designating a division of the system of pure reason of which I do not intend to treat at present. |
| I shall content myself with casting a cursory glance, from a purely transcendental point of view--that of the nature of pure reason--on the labours of philosophers up to the present time. |
| They have aimed at erecting an edifice of philosophy; but to my eye this edifice appears to be in a very ruinous condition. |
| It is very remarkable, although naturally it could not have been otherwise, that, in the infancy of philosophy, the study of the nature of God and the constitution of a future world formed the commencement, rather than the conclusion, as we should have it, of the speculative efforts of the human mind. |
| However rude the religious conceptions generated by the remains of the old manners and customs of a less cultivated time, the intelligent classes were not thereby prevented from devoting themselves to free inquiry into the existence and nature of God; and they easily saw that there could be no surer way of pleasing the invisible ruler of the world, and of attaining to happiness in another world at least, than a good and honest course of life in this. |
| Thus theology and morals formed the two chief motives, or rather the points of attraction in all abstract inquiries. |
| But it was the former that especially occupied the attention of speculative reason, and which afterwards became so celebrated under the name of metaphysics. |
| I shall not at present indicate the periods of time at which the greatest changes in metaphysics took place, but shall merely give a hasty sketch of the different ideas which occasioned the most important revolutions in this sphere of thought. |
| There are three different ends in relation to which these revolutions have taken place. |
| 1. In relation to the object of the cognition of reason, philosophers may be divided into sensualists and intellectualists. |
| Epicurus may be regarded as the head of the former, Plato of the latter. |
| The distinction here signalized, subtle as it is, dates from the earliest times, and was long maintained. |
| The former asserted that reality resides in sensuous objects alone, and that everything else is merely imaginary; the latter, that the senses are the parents of illusion and that truth is to be found in the understanding alone. |
| The former did not deny to the conceptions of the understanding a certain kind of reality; but with them it was merely logical, with the others it was mystical. |